Seizures occur when abnormal electrical activity develops within a cat’s brain. Unlike in dogs, feline seizures are more frequently associated with an underlying medical condition, making thorough diagnostic investigation essential.
Common Etiologies
Causes range from idiopathic epilepsy to secondary systemic diseases, including brain tumors, inflammatory disease, trauma, congenital abnormalities, kidney or liver dysfunction, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, toxin exposure, FIP, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and FeLV/FIV-associated conditions.
Seizure Stages and Classification
Seizures are categorized into three stages:
- Aura (Pre-Ictal): Hiding, restlessness, increased vocalization, excessive salivation, behavioral changes.
- Ictal: The actual seizure event. May include tremors, limb paddling, muscle rigidity, facial twitching, loss of consciousness, urination, or defecation.
- Post-Ictal: Recovery period characterized by disorientation, temporary blindness, weakness, pacing, increased thirst, or appetite.
They are further classified as Focal (partial, e.g., facial twitching, staring) or Generalized (whole-body convulsions, loss of consciousness).
Diagnostic Protocol
A full workup is recommended, including CBC, chemistry panel, urinalysis, blood pressure, Total T4 (especially for seniors), and FeLV/FIV testing. Advanced imaging and testing—such as abdominal ultrasound, chest radiographs, echocardiogram, MRI, CSF analysis, and specialist neurology referral—may be required for complex cases.
Medication and Treatment
Medication is recommended for cluster seizures, repeated seizures within 6 months, prolonged seizures (>5 minutes), severe post-ictal states, or structural brain disease. Complete elimination of seizures is not always possible, but the goal is to reduce frequency, severity, and duration.
- Levetiracetam (Keppra): Often used as a first-line treatment due to its efficacy, safety, and rapid action. It is well-tolerated even with liver disease but requires dosing every 8 hours.
- Phenobarbital: Highly effective at controlling seizures. Side effects (sedation, polyuria/polydipsia, liver enzyme elevation) are more common. Blood levels must be monitored regularly (ideal range: 15-45).
- Zonisamide: A well-tolerated option, usually dosed twice daily. Not ideal for cats with liver disease. Gloves are recommended when handling.
- Potassium Bromide (KBR): Inexpensive, but requires weeks/months to reach steady-state efficacy. Not ideal for kidney disease.
- Benzodiazepines (Diazepam): Primarily used for emergency management of breakthrough seizures at home via nasal or rectal administration.
Long-Term Management
Treatment is often lifelong, as medications control seizures rather than cure epilepsy. Abrupt withdrawal can trigger severe seizures. Routine monitoring is essential, and breakthrough seizures may still occur.
This blog is for informational purposes only and is not intended to provide diagnostic or treatment guidance. If you have any concerns about your pet’s health, please contact Cascade Heights Veterinary Center directly by phone at 206-403-1108, email, or by scheduling an appointment. Medications, supplements, and prescription diets can be conveniently ordered through our online pharmacy.